Understanding the Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in Germany: Insights from the Leipzig Authoritarianism Study
Introduction
Despite waning far-right sentiments in Germany, the Alternative for Germany (AfD) has seen a steady rise in popularity, securing a strong result in the 2024 Bundestag elections. This apparent contradiction has prompted researchers to explore the nuances of rechtsextreme Einstellungen (extreme right-wing attitudes) and their impact on the political landscape.
Key Findings of the Leipzig Authoritarianism Study (LAS)
The LAS, a representative survey conducted regularly since 2002 by the University of Leipzig, has tracked rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Germany. The study indicates that while far-right attitudes have declined since 2002, there has been a concomitant increase in support for rechtsextreme parties. This paradox suggests a shift in the way these attitudes are expressed and channeled politically.
Political Failures and the Alienation of Voters
According to Elmar Brähler, one of the LAS’s editors, the surge in AfD support stems from the failures of established political parties to address the concerns of citizens. The erosion of the social welfare state, particularly in eastern Germany, has fostered a sense of disillusionment among former CDU and SPD voters. The perception that established parties no longer represent their interests has driven many to seek alternative political options, with the AfD emerging as a viable choice.
The Appeal of the AfD
The AfD’s success lies not only in its own strength but also in the weaknesses of other parties. The party has managed to attract voters from across the political spectrum, including those previously aligned with the right wing of the CDU and even the SPD. Brähler notes that rechtsextreme Einstellungen have long been present within the German population, and the AfD’s rise has provided an outlet for these views.
International Comparisons and the Influence of Social Conditions
Brähler emphasizes the need to contextualize the rise of right-wing parties in Germany within a broader international context. While many countries have experienced similar trends, there are significant variations in the nature of these parties’ platforms and support bases. The AfD, for example, stands out for its extreme rhetoric compared to parties like the Rassemblement National in France.
Differences in social conditions play a crucial role in shaping the prevalence and expression of rechtsextreme Einstellungen. Countries like Austria, Poland, and the Czech Republic exhibit higher levels of antisemitism than Germany, while Greece has a particularly high prevalence of xenophobia. These disparities suggest a strong correlation between economic conditions and the development of right-wing extremism.
Characteristics of Right-Wing Extremism in Germany
One distinguishing feature of right-wing extremism in Germany is the phenomenon of "Schuldabwehr-Antisemitismus" (guilt-deflection antisemitism), which is prevalent within right-wing circles. The LAS also highlights a decline in trust in democracy and the competence of established parties. The AfD exploits this sentiment by advocating for popular referendums, a tool that can be swayed by emotional appeals.
Strengthening Trust in Democracy
Brähler proposes several strategies to bolster trust in democracy. These include the establishment of citizens’ councils to enhance democratic participation, the democratization of institutions, and the promotion of grassroots involvement in political processes. By empowering citizens and addressing their concerns, it is possible to counter the appeal of right-wing extremism and foster a more inclusive and representative political landscape.
