Germany Revamps Civil Protection in Light of Russia-Ukraine Conflict
Introduction
The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine has served as a wake-up call for Germany, prompting a reassessment of its civil protection measures. As part of this effort, the federal government and state authorities have initiated a comprehensive review to enhance the protection of citizens in the event of a military crisis or war.
Assessment and Planning
Initial findings from this review are expected to be released in the first half of 2025, providing guidance to the public on how to improve the resilience of existing buildings. Subsequently, the focus will shift to the incorporation of civil protection measures into new construction projects.
One key aspect of the review is the systematic mapping of potential shelters, including underground garages, subway stations, and basements, in both public and private property. This data will be compiled into a digital registry to allow citizens to access real-time information on nearby shelters via warning and navigation apps.
Drawing Inspiration from Switzerland
Switzerland maintains a well-established civil protection system, with the principle that every citizen has access to a designated shelter. Currently, over 370,000 public and private shelters provide protection for approximately 9 million people, exceeding the population. However, regional variations and local gaps in coverage exist.
Unlike Switzerland’s emphasis on purpose-built bunkers, Germany’s approach prioritizes enhancing the protective capabilities of existing spaces. According to the Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS), shelters are designed to emphasize cost-effectiveness, space efficiency, and ease of maintenance. Protection is achieved through a robust reinforced concrete structure, with entry and exit points secured by armored doors and hatches.
Emergency exits and ventilation systems ensure that occupants can evacuate in the event of an entrance obstruction, such as building damage. In larger shelters, separate entrances and airlocks are provided for improved safety.
State of Public Shelters in Germany
In the past, Germany maintained a network of 2,000 public shelters with a capacity of 480,000. However, over time, many of these shelters were sold or neglected, and by 2007, the decision was made to phase them out. This process was halted in March 2022 following the outbreak of the Ukraine war.
As of today, only 579 public shelters remain in operation, with a capacity of approximately 480,000. In Baden-Württemberg, the number has dwindled from 547 shelters to just 220, none of which are currently operational.
Strategic Food and Medical Supplies
In addition to shelter, the government maintains emergency stockpiles of food and medical supplies. These reserves include grain, rice, and legumes, as well as condensed milk and bandages. The locations of these stockpiles are kept confidential for security reasons.
